What advantage do plants gain from their association with mycorrhizae?

Plants benefit significantly from their association with mycorrhizae, which are symbiotic relationships formed between plant roots and fungi. This association enhances the plant's ability to absorb water and essential nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from the soil. The mycorrhizal fungi extend the root system, increasing the surface area available for absorption. As a result, plants grow more robustly and can thrive in environments where nutrients may be scarce.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately capture the primary advantages conferred by mycorrhizal associations. Reduced root health would contradict the positive impact of mycorrhizae, as they actually promote healthier, more extensive root systems. Protection against all insects is inaccurate since mycorrhizae primarily focus on nutrient and water uptake, and while they may indirectly provide some level of protection by supporting stronger plant health, they do not shield plants from all insect threats. Finally, while the relationship can enhance plant performance, it doesn't directly increase flower production; flowering depends on various factors, including genetics and environmental conditions, rather than solely on mycorrhizal interactions.